Unite 2: Cells

Essential Questions:  How do cells function to provide organisms with the basic activities of life?

        Why do I eat and breathe?
(In order to get energy from your food efficiently the electrons
                        which are removed from the food molecules during cellular respiration are accepted by
                        oxygen which then becomes water!)

Broad Concept: All living things are composed of cells. Life processes in a cell are based on molecular interactions.
 

  • Describe the contributions of the following scientists to the development of the cell theroy: Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Brown, Mathias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
  • State the cell theory and explain its importance.
  •  Demonstrate an understanding of the size of cells.
  •  Explain how the surface area to volume ratio can be calculated and why it is important for the survival of cells.

    •  Demonstrate an understanding of the hierachy of organization: cells-tissues- organs- organ systems-organism
    Relate cell parts/organelles to their functions.
  • Describe the structures and functions of the following cell parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

    •  Describe the structures and functions of the following cell organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, cell wall, centrioles, microfilaments, microtubules, cilia, and flagella.
    Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, in terms of their general structures and degrees of complexity.
    Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of an animal and a plant cell.

    Describe how cells function in a narrow range of physical conditions, such as temperature and pH, to perform life functions that
    help to maintain homeostasis.
    Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport).

    Identify the reactants and products in the general reaction of photosynthesis. Describe the use of isotopes in this identification.
    Provide evidence that the organic compounds produced by plants are the primary source of energy and nutrients for most living
    things.

    Identify how cellular respiration is important for the production of ATP.
    Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
    Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell cycle.
     

  • Explain how a cell organelles work together in the production, transport, packaging, and export of proteins.

    •  Identify that the nucleus contains the protein recipes or DNA.
  • Define diffusion and osmosis.
  •  Predict the direction of osmosis in terms of concentration gradient and explain how the hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions relate.

    •  Define the following terms: plasmolysis, Turgor pressure, cytolysis.
     
  • Relate the structures of the cell membrane to the passage of various types of substances through the membrane.
  •  Describe the role of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, in the passage of materials into and out of cells.
  •  Explain what is meant by semipermeable membrane.

    •  Compare passive and active transport.
     
  • Describe the structure of ATP.
  •  Explain the role of ATP in energy transfer and storage in the cell.
  •  Define the terms oxidation and reduction.

    •  Explain what happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
  •  Explain how the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll makes it green.
  •  Write a balanced equation for the overall events of photosynthesis.

    •  Explain the events of the light reactions including the following: PSI, PSII, ATP synthase, chemiosmosis, electron flow, oxygen release, water use.
     
  • Explain how the events of the Calvin cycle lead to the formation of sugar.
  •  List the environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and describe the effects of each.
  •  Draw a diagram that clearly shows the relationship of photosynthetic events to plants structures. (ex.-How does the plant take in water that ends up in the lumen of the thylakoids)

    •  Indentify CAM plants and C4 plants as having adaptation for increased CO2 fixation.
  • Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
  •  Describe the basic reactions of glycolysis.
  •  Compare and contrast alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.

    •  Identify how fermentation is used in the production of consumable products.
  • Write a balanced chemical equation for the overall reactions of aerobic respiration.
  •  Illustrate with a diagram how the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive system are involved in the transport of respiratory materials to and away from the cells.
  •  Describe the location, events, and results of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

    •  Compare the efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
     
  • Define the term oxygen dept, and explain what happens in muscle during prolonged strenuous activity.
  •  Explain how fat and protein are used for cellular respiration.

    •  Calculate how exercise and diet can be used to alter or maintain body weight and composition.

    Homework:

    Historical Discoveries
    Cell Size and surface area to volume ratio
    Organelles
    Plant and Animal Cells
    Diffusion and Osmosis - Egg
    Active and Passive Transport
    ATP
    Photosynthesis
    Cellular Respiration
    Body systems involved in delivering materials to cells for cellular respiration
    Exercise

    Project

        Option A: Fitness Plan
     
     

        Option B: